International Journal of Education and Social Development
type: channel
description: International Journal of Education and Social Development (IJESD) is a peer-reviewed journal published by Darcy & Roy Press. The mission of the journal is to provide an academic forum for discussing the issues of education and social development across the world. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
publisher: Darcy & Roy Press
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Education and Social Development
issn: 3078-9931
items: Her Journey: The Growth Trajectory of an Educator-Principal
items: How Social Media Marketing Drives Purchase Intention in Fast Fashion: The Distinct Mediating Roles of Brand Trust and Consumer Engagement
items: Research on the Contemporary Value of Transdisciplinary Thinking in Huang Yanpei's Grand Vocational Education Philosophy
items: The Impact of Integrating Ice and Snow Sports into School Campuses on the Physical and Psychological Development of Primary and Secondary School Students
items: Application of Online and Offline Hybrid Teaching in Sand Table Teaching
items: Integration of Professional and Innovation-Entrepreneurship Education in the "Signals and Systems" Course: A Three-Stage Pedagogical Model and Practice
items: Teaching Reform Research of Financial Management Majors in the Context of the Digital Intelligence Era
items: Digital Inequality in AI Governance: Inclusive Pathways for Aging Populations
items: Psychological Contracts in Managerial Decision-Making: How Implicit Expectations Shape Organizational Behavior
items: Immigrant Culture, Commercial Activities, and Folk Beliefs: A Case Study of the Tianhou Palace and Zhou Xuanlingwang Temple in Quzhou
items: The Practical Path of Empowering Ideological and Political Education for Medical Postgraduates with Generative Artificial Intelligence
items: Research on the Employment Guidance Service Model for University Counselors Empowered by Generative AI
items: Reconstructing Classroom Interaction Structures: Artificial Intelligence as a Discursive Actor in Educational Technology
items: Psychodrama's Impact on College Students' Empathy and Interpersonal Trust: An Examination Based on Role-Playing Mechanism
items: Intelligent Tools and Visual Expression: How AI Reshapes the Application of Illustration
items: Research on the Psychological Enhancement Mechanism of Popular Music Creation Process on Music Learners' Self-efficacy
items: Developing Early Childhood Mathematical Thinking Through Play-Based Learning and Assessment
items: Construction and Optimization of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Universities Driven by New-Quality Productivity
items: A Narrative of a Student Teacher’s Internship Experience and Its Implications for Optimizing Practice Teaching Systems: A Case from Guangdong, China
items: Optimization of Jiangxi Merchant Culture Empowering Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance Based on System Dynamics and Brand Value Evaluation
items: Bayesian Inversion-Driven Fairness Optimization for Dance Competitions
items: Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Nobody Based on Subtitle Corpus
items: An Empirical Study on the Relationships among Foreign Language Learning Anxiety, Learning Motivation, and Classroom Participation among College Students
items: Medial Characteristics and Regional Experience: An Artistic Study of the Development of the Watercolor Language in Inner Mongolia
items: Research on the Talent Training Model for Master's Degree in Civil and Hydraulic Engineering under the Background of Intelligent Construction
items: Language Socialization through Collaborative Reasoning in Peer Group Discussions
items: The Relationship Between Learning Motivation and Performance Ability Among Folk Dance Major Students in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
items: Line Rendering and Iconic Reconstruction in the Realistic Formation of Contemporary Ink Figure Painting
items: Innovative Exploration of Teaching Paths for the Overseas Dissemination of Chinese Culinary Culture Empowered by AR Technology
items: Research on Transformation Strategies for English Underachievers in County High Schools Based on Core Competencies

Her Journey: The Growth Trajectory of an Educator-Principal
type: item
description: This study employs life course theory to deeply analyze Principal Zhang Guimei's transformation from an ordinary teacher to an educator-principal. Focusing on three core trajectories—her educational experiences, emotional choices, and career development—this research clarifies her growth trajectory and examines how four dimensions (significant others, historical changes, individual agency, and life timing) interact to construct Zhang Guimei's unique and profound developmental path. The findings reveal that these four elements play distinctive roles of assistance, shaping, dominance, and promotion respectively, interacting and influencing each other. Among them, her husband assumed multiple functional roles, facilitating the occurrence of several critical events, such as supporting her university admission and her subsequent move to Huaping after his passing.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Educator-principal; Zhang Guimei; Growth trajectory.
  topic: keywords
creator: Wei Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 26
ending page: 32
doi: 10.54097/ezs2nb56

How Social Media Marketing Drives Purchase Intention in Fast Fashion: The Distinct Mediating Roles of Brand Trust and Consumer Engagement
type: item
description: While social media marketing (SMM) is widely used by fast fashion brands, the psychological and behavioral mechanisms through which it influences consumers’ purchase intention remain underexplored. Based on the stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) theory, this study constructs a dual-mediation model to examine how three SMM dimensions—content quality, interactivity, and promotional activities—affect purchase intention via brand trust (a cognitive pathway) and consumer engagement (a behavioral pathway). A quantitative survey of 200 fast fashion consumers was analyzed using regression and Sobel tests. Results show that all three SMM dimensions positively affect purchase intention, with interactivity exerting the strongest direct effect. Brand trust partially mediates the effect of interactivity, whereas consumer engagement mediates both interactivity and promotional activities. Notably, content quality does not significantly influence consumer engagement, suggesting it may serve as a baseline expectation rather than an engagement trigger in fast fashion. These findings extend S-O-R theory by differentiating two parallel mediating pathways and offer actionable guidance for fast fashion brands seeking to optimize SMM resource allocation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social media marketing; purchase intention; brand trust; consumer engagement; fast fashion; S-O-R theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Zongyi Zhou
creator: Xuegang Zhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 43
ending page: 47
doi: 10.54097/steb0f67

Research on the Contemporary Value of Transdisciplinary Thinking in Huang Yanpei's Grand Vocational Education Philosophy
type: item
description: With the rapid advancement of technology and accelerated industrialization, engineering practice has garnered increasing global attention. Highly digitalized and intelligent production models have profoundly transformed how people live, work, and learn. The new era revolution demands a significant influx of multidisciplinary professionals, necessitating profound reforms in vocational education's talent cultivation models. The dawn of this new era presents both opportunities and challenges for China's vocational education development. Over a century ago, patriotic educators like Huang Yanpei established modern vocational education to fulfill the mission of saving the nation. Mr. Huang proposed a series of vocational education philosophies and founded the China Vocational School, laying the theoretical and practical foundations for modern vocational education. His contributions hold significant implications for contemporary vocational institutions. [1] This paper focuses on Huang Yanpei's grand vision for vocational education, particularly his cross-disciplinary and social thinking. It aims to offer new perspectives for addressing current challenges in vocational education development, provide valuable insights for achieving high-quality vocational education, and contribute to cultivating technical and skilled talent suited for the new era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Huang Yanpei; Vocational Education; Cross-Boundary Thinking; Social Thinking; Modern Significance.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zheng Ma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.54097/afr6dd89

The Impact of Integrating Ice and Snow Sports into School Campuses on the Physical and Psychological Development of Primary and Secondary School Students
type: item
description: This study employs methods including literature review, expert interviews, field research, and logical analysis to examine the effects of integrating ice and snow sports into school curricula on enhancing the physical and psychological attributes of primary and secondary school students. The findings indicate that participation in ice and snow sports can improve overall physical fitness, foster healthy bodily development, enhance cardiorespiratory functions, and ameliorate suboptimal health conditions. Additionally, these sports cultivate a positive mindset, elevate psychological health, and nurture team spirit, thereby contributing to the all-around development of students. However, current initiatives face several challenges: inadequate equipment, limited venues and practice time; pressures from exam-oriented education and safety concerns compounded by insufficient family support; a need for improved school-based curriculum development and a more robust evaluation system for ice and snow sports; and a shortage of physical education teachers equipped to support these programs, resulting in a lack of in-depth specialized courses. In response to these challenges, the paper proposes targeted optimization strategies: school leadership must prioritize physical education and establish a dedicated working group for campus-based ice and snow sports; logistical departments should implement tailored support measures to ensure the construction and maintenance of appropriate facilities and equipment; teachers should fully deploy comprehensive ice and snow sports curricula to secure sufficient, high-quality participation opportunities; and coordinated efforts among government, schools, families, and communities are essential to create diverse participation scenarios and a conducive atmosphere for ice and snow sports. This research aims to provide strategic recommendations for advancing the integration of ice and snow sports into school environments and further promoting the phy…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ice and snow sports; integration of ice and snow sports into schools; Beijing; Shijia Primary School; implementation pathways.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yuxi Zhou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 33
ending page: 37
doi: 10.54097/94cacq21

Application of Online and Offline Hybrid Teaching in Sand Table Teaching
type: item
description: To address the limitations of traditional sand table teaching, this study develops a blended learning model integrating online preparation, offline practice, and online review, grounded in constructivism and connectivism theories. The model clearly defines the roles of online and offline components while establishing a three-dimensional evaluation system covering knowledge, skills, and competencies. However, implementation challenges include significant disparities in students' self-directed learning abilities, unstable online technology, difficulties in organizing offline sessions, and incomplete resource and evaluation systems. To address these issues, optimization strategies are proposed in three key areas: teaching methodologies, resource integration, and evaluation frameworks. This model effectively enhances teaching outcomes, refines instructional design, and optimizes resource utilization. Future business experimental teaching should continuously innovate pedagogical concepts and methods by aligning with contemporary trends and market demands, thereby fostering the development of versatile business professionals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Blended online-offline teaching; sand table teaching; evaluation system.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fucheng Tan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 22
ending page: 25
doi: 10.54097/hzaqa443

Integration of Professional and Innovation-Entrepreneurship Education in the "Signals and Systems" Course: A Three-Stage Pedagogical Model and Practice
type: item
description: Against the backdrop of "Emerging Engineering Education" (NEE) initiatives, the deep integration of professional education with innovation and entrepreneurship education has become a critical direction for reform in higher engineering education. This paper addresses the persistent challenges in teaching the core course "Signals and Systems" for electronic information majors, including excessive theoretical abstraction, disconnection from engineering practice, and insufficient innovation cultivation. We propose a three-stage pedagogical model characterized by progressive advancement through "theoretical construction—engineering practice—innovation expansion." By developing four representative teaching cases—audio noise reduction based on frequency-domain analysis, wireless sensor network data acquisition based on the sampling theorem, millimeter-wave radar signal processing based on system function analysis, and switched-mode power supply control based on Laplace transform- the model bridges core knowledge points such as convolution theorem, Nyquist sampling theorem, system function, and Laplace transform with authentic industrial scenarios. This approach achieves a pedagogical transformation from "knowledge transmission" to "competency cultivation" and "innovation enlightenment." Practical implementation demonstrates that this model effectively enhances students' engineering capabilities and entrepreneurial awareness, providing a replicable and scalable paradigm for the integration of professional and innovation-entrepreneurship education in analogous courses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Signals and Systems; integration of professional and innovation-entrepreneurship education; pedagogical reform; engineering practice.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jiaying Yu
creator: Jing Chu
creator: Meifeng Zhang
creator: Jie Guo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.54097/ee6w0665

Teaching Reform Research of Financial Management Majors in the Context of the Digital Intelligence Era
type: item
description: With the rapid development of the digital economy, the function of corporate financial management is transforming from accounting and recording to value creation, leading to an increasingly urgent demand for interdisciplinary financial talents. Based on the macro background of the digital intelligence era, this paper systematically analyzes the necessity, main problems, and root causes of the current teaching reform in financial management. Combining current teaching practices and industry development trends, it proposes a systematic reform path involving "curriculum system reconstruction, teaching method innovation, faculty team building, and deepening industry-education integration." The research shows that the deep integration of digital intelligence technologies can not only enhance teaching quality but also effectively solve the problem of the "disconnect between learning and application," providing a feasible solution for cultivating high-quality financial management talents with digital intelligence literacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Intelligence; Financial Management; Teaching Reform.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hua Zhang
creator: Changxiu Sun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 14
ending page: 17
doi: 10.54097/f03w4j32

Digital Inequality in AI Governance: Inclusive Pathways for Aging Populations
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence governance frameworks at the national and international levels has generally lacked any substantive involvement from older people; as they interact with digital technologies, their unique relationship to these systems makes them particularly vulnerable to AI-based policy decisions but also one of the groups least engaged in regulating these systems. Examines digital inequality in terms of its manifestation at the level of AI governance; analyzes the structural barriers faced by older adults in accessing AI-mediated services and participating in related governance activities; proposes an inclusiveness pathway to promote more adequate realisation of governance systems that serve the interests and dignity of ageing individuals. According to Van Dijk's multidimensional model of digital inequality, Gaventa's inclusive governance framework and the literature on seniors' technology adoption, it is argued that realising genuine inclusive AI governance requires intervention at three interrelated levels: physical access; Digital skills and AI literacy; Policy participation. Based on the data of the International Telecommunication Union, policy guidelines such as the European Union's AI Act and the World Health Organization's global strategy for ageing and health are used to provide empirical basis and regulatory references for this research's suggestions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital inequality; AI governance; aging populations; inclusive governance; digital literacy; algorithmic bias; participatory design.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ziwei Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 10
ending page: 13
doi: 10.54097/k5fzak34

Psychological Contracts in Managerial Decision-Making: How Implicit Expectations Shape Organizational Behavior
type: item
description: Psychological contract - The implicit understanding held by employees concerning the rights and responsibilities they believe they are entitled to under their employer, which forms an indispensable yet invisible part of organizational behaviour. Based on Rousseau's foundational contract theory, Eisenberger et al.'s research on perceived organisational support frameworks and Vroom's expectancy theory to explore how implicit expectations within psychological contracts affect employees' behaviour, managers' choices of plans, and the consequences for organisations. The three mutually related arguments presented below: psychological contract violations do not fit into the traditional model of dissatisfaction but constitute an independent cognitive-attitudinal event with more severe effects and longer durations on work behaviour; In terms of decision-making process, managers' responses serve as key sites for creating or breaking psychological contracts, making effective managerial communication and anticipation crucial factors affecting organisational health; The different ways across cultures that employees perceive their rights under contractual arrangements, interpret them differently, and subsequently react differ from what existing international management theories pay insufficient attention to addressing. The following are recommendations for top management, organizational policies, and future studies on contractual Dynamics during organisational Transformation driven by digitalisation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological contract; organizational behavior; managerial decision-making; contract breach; perceived organizational support; organizational citizenship behavior; expectancy theory.
  topic: keywords
creator: Wei Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 6
ending page: 9
doi: 10.54097/ekc5em20

Immigrant Culture, Commercial Activities, and Folk Beliefs: A Case Study of the Tianhou Palace and Zhou Xuanlingwang Temple in Quzhou
type: item
description: The folk beliefs, commercial activities, and immigrant culture embodied in the Zhou Xuanlingwang Temple and Tianhou Palace in Quzhou exhibit mutually interwoven and mutually reinforcing relationships. Folk beliefs not only served as spiritual sustenance for merchants and boatmen but also functioned as a driving force for local economic development. Immigrant culture, through the dissemination of beliefs, facilitated the development of local trade and society. This paper takes the Tianhou Palace and Zhou Xuanlingwang Temple in Quzhou as case studies, elaborating on the manifestations, relationships, and transformations of these three elements through field surveys and documentary research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Folk Beliefs; Immigrant Culture; Commercial Activities; Zhou Xuanlingwang Temple.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiao Huang
creator: Yan Chen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.54097/1y838j46

The Practical Path of Empowering Ideological and Political Education for Medical Postgraduates with Generative Artificial Intelligence
type: item
description: With the in-depth advancement of the national education digitalization strategy, generative artificial intelligence has provided a new driving force for improving the quality and efficiency of ideological and political education for medical postgraduates. As a reserve of high-level medical talents, medical postgraduates receive ideological and political education with unique attributes of academic rigor, practicality and professional ethics, which is crucial for talent cultivation, the development of medical undertakings and the implementation of the Healthy China initiative. Based on the technical characteristics and application logic of generative artificial intelligence, as well as the demand for precise ideological and political education for medical postgraduates, this paper constructs a practical pathway of "precision empowerment–dynamic interaction–collaborative efficiency–safety and controllability" from four dimensions: resource construction, teaching implementation, collaborative education and risk prevention and control. It aims to achieve the deep integration of technological empowerment and ideological and political education for medical postgraduates, and foster a new generation of medical professionals with noble medical ethics, superb medical skills, patriotism and a strong sense of social responsibility, as well as excellent doctor-patient communication competence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative artificial intelligence; Medical postgraduates; Ideological and political education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaoyu Fei
creator: Yifan Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 48
doi: 10.54097/h8npq753

Research on the Employment Guidance Service Model for University Counselors Empowered by Generative AI
type: item
description: The employment guidance work of college counselors is confronted with three dilemmas: outdated concepts, insufficient professional capacity, and limited service supply. The traditional experience-driven model struggles to meet the individualized needs of contemporary students. Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), with its robust capabilities in data analysis and content generation, offers a crucial technological solution to these challenges. This paper first analyzes the practical value of generative AI in enhancing employment guidance. Subsequently, it proposes a four-in-one employment guidance service model—“Precise Profiling - Intelligent Matching - Full-process Companionship - Competency Training”—with the counselor as the principal agent and AI as the technical backbone. This model facilitates the digital representation of student characteristics, the precision delivery of job information, phased design of guidance services, and systematic training of job-seeking skills. By establishing a closed-loop service that spans the entire student lifecycle, this study aims to drive the transformation of employment guidance toward a data-driven and precision service paradigm, thereby providing both theoretical reference and practical guidance for improving the quality and efficiency of career education in higher education institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative AI; University Counselor; Employment Guidance; Human-Machine Collaboration.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yifan Zhang
creator: Xiaoyu Fei
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 41
ending page: 45
doi: 10.54097/k496sm07

Reconstructing Classroom Interaction Structures: Artificial Intelligence as a Discursive Actor in Educational Technology
type: item
description: Given that an increase in the number of intelligent devices at home has prompted teachers to consider managing classroom interations swiftly now. Traditional discourse models usually assume that there will be a two-way interaction of Teacher-Student, which is hard to accommodate in terms of non-human participation. Therefore, this paper holds that the functions of artificial intelligence systems in class are discursive agents who can participate actively in reshaping interactional structures. Based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Conversation Analysis (CA), combining with data from OECD PISA 2022, Stanford HAI (2024) and EdWeek Research Center (2023), an original human-AI-human (HAH) discourse triangle framework is proposed to explain the three-dimensional interactive model generated by AI-integrated classrooms. The findings indicate that the disruption of information release linearity; The generation of recursive inquiry loop: Redistributing discursive authority; Significantly impact teachers' agency and education equity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Classroom Discourse, Artificial Intelligence, Discursive Actor, IRE Model, Actor-Network Theory, Educational Technology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Liyuan Ban
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.54097/8211v611

Psychodrama's Impact on College Students' Empathy and Interpersonal Trust: An Examination Based on Role-Playing Mechanism
type: item
description: Psychodrama, as an experiential group intervention method, holds unique applicative value in college mental health education. From the interdisciplinary perspective of educational psychology and social psychology, this paper systematically explores the impact of psychodrama on college students' empathy and interpersonal trust, as well as its underlying mechanisms. The research finds that psychodrama, with role-playing as its core technique, promotes participants' cognitive perspective transformation and emotional experience deepening through specific means such as role reversal, mirror technique, and doubling. The role-playing mechanism functions primarily through three pathways: role reversal enhances perspective-taking ability, mirror technique deepens self-awareness, and doubling reinforces emotional resonance. Empirical studies show that psychodrama intervention can significantly improve college students' empathy tendency and interpersonal trust level, and also positively affect social development dimensions such as forgiveness ability and mental health. This study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanism of psychodrama and offers empirical evidence for college mental health education practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychodrama; Empathy; Interpersonal Trust; Role-Playing; College Students.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shuyi Ye
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 37
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54097/34atzh38

Intelligent Tools and Visual Expression: How AI Reshapes the Application of Illustration
type: item
description: The development of digital technology has driven a structural transformation in the illustration creation ecosystem, and AI-generated illustration tools have become an key auxiliary support for illustration creation. According to relevant data, with an estimated compound annual growth rate of 10.3% from 2026 to 2032, the global AI image generation market (illustration segment) reached 7.526 billion US dollars in 2025, the regular utilization rate of AI tools among Chinese professional illustrators is 68%, and the AI application rate for creative projects of design enterprises above designated size is 66.2%. This article relies on authentic industry data to explore the technical characteristics, innovations in visual representation, and commercial application scenarios of AI illustration, and analyze the dual impacts and developmental trends of AI technology on the illustration industry. This study shows that AI technology optimizes the illustration creation process, broadens the boundaries of visual representation, but also raises issues such as copyright definition and industry restructuring. The research aims to clarify the collaborative mode between intelligent tools and human creation, provide feasible ideas for the digital transformation of the illustration industry, and promote AI technology to assist in the innovation of visual representation in illustration in a compliant and orderly manner.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI-generated illustration; Illustration creation; Visual Representation; Intelligent tools; Digital Art.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yinghan Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 33
ending page: 36
doi: 10.54097/rqvm4184

Research on the Psychological Enhancement Mechanism of Popular Music Creation Process on Music Learners' Self-efficacy
type: item
description: This study is supported by Bandura's self-efficacy theory and Webster's music creation thinking model, combined with empirical research on music education at home and abroad and open source academic achievements, to explore the psychological enhancement mechanism of popular music creation process on music learners' self-efficacy. Based on the relevant achievements of music creation psychology, the study divides popular music creation into five core stages: Material Collection Stage, Incubation Stage, Structuring Stage, Revising Stage, and Presenting Stage. The study systematically analyzes the dynamic effects of each stage on the activation, strengthening, and consolidation of learners' self-efficacy through four pathways: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological and affective states. Empirical research shows that immediate feedback, visualization of results, and successful practical experience in creation are key elements in cultivating learners' belief in creative competence. The self-efficacy enhancement pathways for learners at different stages show a staged shift from external feedback dependence to internal self-evaluation dominance. This study clarifies the intrinsic relationship between the two, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for integrating popular music creation practice into music education, optimizing learners' psychological enhancement approaches, and improving the effectiveness of music teaching practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Popular Music Creation; Self-efficacy; Psychological Enhancement Mechanism; Music Learners; Mastery Experience.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xuqiao Qiu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 25
ending page: 28
doi: 10.54097/wxmf7h96

Developing Early Childhood Mathematical Thinking Through Play-Based Learning and Assessment
type: item
description: This study investigates the development of mathematical thinking in early childhood through play-based learning and task assessment. Data were collected from observations of block play in a kindergarten setting and a one-to-one assessment interview with a 4–5-year-old child. The findings indicate that block play facilitates the development of spatial structuring, pattern recognition, and early quantitative reasoning, while the assessment interview reveals children’s competencies in number sense, sequencing, and problem-solving. The study also identifies the role of language comprehension in shaping mathematical performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Early childhood mathematics, Mathematical thinking, Play-based learning, Assessment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xinyu Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 21
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54097/hjeyar75

Construction and Optimization of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Universities Driven by New-Quality Productivity
type: item
description: The emergence and development of new-quality productivity have given rise to new forms of advanced productivity, which in turn place entirely new demands on the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) education in universities. University I&E education is a public service system featuring collaborative participation of multiple stakeholders, including government, universities, research institutions, enterprises, and end-users. It serves as a key bridge connecting the talent demand of new-quality productivity with scientific, technological, and industrial innovation. Based on a three-tier framework consisting of the driving layer, structural layer, and efficiency layer, this paper analyzes the internal logic by which new-quality productivity promotes the development of university I&E education, explores optimization paths from the dimensions of content, structure, and efficiency, and proposes supporting safeguard mechanisms. This study aims to foster a “demand-optimization-feedback” closed-loop system for university I&E education and provide effective theoretical references and practical guidance for its reform.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: New-quality productivity; University innovation and entrepreneurship education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jiaxuan Zhou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 17
ending page: 20
doi: 10.54097/y68v0787

A Narrative of a Student Teacher’s Internship Experience and Its Implications for Optimizing Practice Teaching Systems: A Case from Guangdong, China
type: item
description: This study adopts a narrative inquiry approach to conduct an in-depth analysis of an 11-week internship journal maintained by a student teacher specializing in primary education. It traces her complete developmental trajectory from "romantic immersion" to "belief internalization." The findings reveal that the core growth of student teachers centers on latent dimensions such as emotional resilience, ethical judgment, and the formation of educational beliefs, with their professional learning being highly dependent on "critical incidents." However, the existing support system demonstrates a bias towards "prioritizing procedural compliance over experiential depth." In response, the study proposes a threefold pathway for optimization: in terms of objectives, a shift from a skills-based orientation to fostering "holistic development"; in the process, constructing a scaffolding dialogue community anchored in critical incident analysis; and regarding the improvement mechanism, establishing an evidence-based decision-making loop grounded in narrative evidence. This research provides granular, field-derived evidence and practical insights for reforming practice teaching systems within the context of teacher education accreditation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student Teacher; Professional Accreditation; Practice Teaching System; Narrative Inquiry; Teaching Practicum; Chinese Case.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jiao Zeng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 13
ending page: 16
doi: 10.54097/baz3nc90

Optimization of Jiangxi Merchant Culture Empowering Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance Based on System Dynamics and Brand Value Evaluation
type: item
description: In the context of the rural revitalization strategy, intangible cultural heritage inheritance and industrialization are the key paths to activate the endogenous power of rural areas, and the spiritual connotation of Ganshang culture provides a unique cultural empowerment dimension for intangible cultural heritage to empower rural revitalization. In this paper, focusing on the three core problems of inheritance fault, weak brand competitiveness and unbalanced industrial driving effect, this paper constructs the inheritor system dynamics model, the multi-level fuzzy evaluation model of brand competitiveness and the spatial correlation model of industrial driving effect. Through model simulation and empirical analysis, the dynamic evolution mechanism of Ganxi merchant culture into the intangible cultural heritage industry chain is revealed, the key influencing factors of brand competitiveness are quantitatively evaluated, and the characteristics of industrial spatial correlation network are identified. The results show that there is polyhomeostasis in the inheritor system, and it is necessary to break through the low-level equilibrium through the incentive mechanism. brand competitiveness is mainly affected by cultural story dissemination and product innovation; The industry-driven effect presents a core-edge structure, and a linkage development mechanism needs to be built. This study provides quantitative decision-making support for the empowerment of Ganzhou merchant culture and intangible cultural heritage, and provides a scientific basis for the optimization of rural revitalization paths.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ganshang culture; Intangible cultural heritage; Rural revitalization; System dynamics; Brand value assessment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yijia Li
creator: Wenhao Li
creator: Yuxin Pan
creator: Yaoyao Song
creator: Qinghao Xu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 7
ending page: 12
doi: 10.54097/p2430y28

Bayesian Inversion-Driven Fairness Optimization for Dance Competitions
type: item
description: In order to solve the problems of complete lack of fan voting data and opaque interaction mechanism between judges and audiences in the program "Dancing with the Stars", this paper proposes a three-step algorithm framework. In the first step, a reverse fan inference model based on Bayesian sequential update and Monte Carlo constraint sampling is constructed, and the posterior distribution of fan votes is inverted by using the weekly judge scores and elimination results, and the reproduction accuracy of the model for historical elimination reaches 99.68%, and the estimation uncertainty is quantified. In the second step, a fan-judge composite ranking model is established, Spearman's correlation coefficient and rescue rate index are introduced, and the ranking system and the percentage system are compared, and it is found that the influence of fans and judges under the ranking system is balanced (correlation coefficient 0.88 vs 0.86), while the influence of fans is diluted under the percentage system (0.12), and the judge's life-saving mechanism is more effective in the ranking system. The third step is to propose a multi-dimensional influence model of rule stage perception, and to quantify the contribution of age, industry background, and professional dance partners to judges' scores and fan votes through Ling regression, and define the preference difference Δβ to reveal that the judges are biased towards technology (professional dance partner coefficient is up to 0.81), and fans are biased towards identity (industry background coefficient is up to 0.48), and the differences intensify with the evolution of the competition system. The algorithm framework in this paper provides quantitative decision support for program production.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bayesian sequential update; Reverse inference; constraint sampling; Ridge returns; Compound ranking.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhoukui Qian
creator: Yike Wei
creator: Aotian Tu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.54097/d2jc3j87

Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Nobody Based on Subtitle Corpus
type: item
description: The animated film Nobody constructs a unique workplace metaphor in the world of Chinese monsters from a distinctive perspective. Through the survival dilemmas and spiritual struggles of Chinese monsters, it reflects the growth predicaments of ordinary people in reality. From a cross-cultural perspective, the study of film subtitle should focus on how to enhance the cross-cultural adaptability of Chinese films and traditional culture while preserving the original cultural connotations of the film. This paper explores the application of multimodal discourse in the English subtitle of Nobody from four dimensions: culture, context, content and expression. It aims to provide insights for the application of multimodal discourse analysis in cross-cultural communication and references for subtitle translation of domestic films, so as to promote the creation of local culture and the understanding and integration of diverse cultures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corpus
  topic: keywords
subject: Nobody
  topic: keywords
subject: Multimodal Discourse Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Subtitle
  topic: keywords
creator: Yan Zhang
creator: Keyu Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 59
doi: 10.54097/6df2aq36

An Empirical Study on the Relationships among Foreign Language Learning Anxiety, Learning Motivation, and Classroom Participation among College Students
type: item
description: With the continuous deepening of globalization, foreign language proficiency has emerged as one of the key indicators for assessing an individual's comprehensive competence and international competitiveness. As a core foreign language course, English directly influences college students' future career competitiveness, while foreign language anxiety constitutes a crucial factor affecting language learning outcomes. To explore the relationships among college students' classroom participation, foreign language learning anxiety, and learning motivation, this study sampled 303 students from Guilin University of Technology and proposed two research objectives: first, to examine the overall levels and characteristics of foreign language anxiety, learning motivation, and classroom participation; second, to analyze the interrelationships among these three variables. The study employed the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), a learning motivation scale, and a classroom participation scale for measurement, and conducted data analysis using SPSS 26.0. The findings reveal that foreign language anxiety is significantly negatively correlated with both learning motivation and classroom participation, indicating that increased levels of foreign language anxiety suppress students' learning motivation and reduce classroom participation. A significant positive correlation exists between learning motivation and classroom participation, indicating that stronger learning motivation is associated with higher levels of classroom participation. Mediation analysis further reveals that foreign language anxiety plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between learning motivation and classroom participation, suggesting that learning motivation not only directly enhances classroom participation but also indirectly improves it by reducing students' levels of foreign language anxiety. Nevertheless, the practical application of these findings warrants further investigation. F…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Foreign language teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign language learning anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Classroom participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Hexin Meng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 48
ending page: 54
doi: 10.54097/sebp6w52

Medial Characteristics and Regional Experience: An Artistic Study of the Development of the Watercolor Language in Inner Mongolia
type: item
description: The emergence of Inner Mongolian watercolor painting is not merely a simple combination of grassland themes and watercolor techniques, but rather a regional visual language that has gradually evolved under the combined influence of multiple factors, including the ecological environment of the northern frontier, multi-ethnic cultural experiences, the academic education system, and regional exhibition mechanisms. From an art-theoretical perspective, this paper places the characteristics of the medium and regional experience within a unified analytical framework, examining how the transparency, fluidity, chance, and paper-based nature of watercolor acquire specific modes of expression within Inner Mongolia’s spatial perception, social structure, and cultural memory. The author argues that the regional character of Inner Mongolian watercolor painting should not be confined to the repetitive depiction of external thematic symbols such as grasslands, herders, and horses, but should primarily manifest in the processes of spatial organization, color layering, the rhythm of light and shadow, and the formation of viewing practices. Inner Mongolia’s composite ecological landscape—comprising forests, meadows, typical grasslands, desert grasslands, and sandy terrain vegetation—provides a visually rich and layered field for the watercolor medium. At the same time, the educational systems and creative platforms long established at institutions such as Inner Mongolia Normal University and the Inner Mongolia Academy of Arts have enabled individual experiences to gradually crystallize into a linguistic structure with distinct regional identity. Currently, although Inner Mongolian watercolor painting has developed a relatively distinct regional character, issues such as the over-representation of specific subjects, a tendency toward safe and conventional language, and a relatively conservative understanding of the medium still persist. Its future development should shift from depictin…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inner Mongolia watercolor painting
  topic: keywords
subject: medium characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: regional experience
  topic: keywords
subject: visual language
  topic: keywords
subject: art studies
  topic: keywords
creator: SUERQIN
creator: Tsetsegdelger D.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 44
ending page: 47
doi: 10.54097/8trkxg11

Research on the Talent Training Model for Master's Degree in Civil and Hydraulic Engineering under the Background of Intelligent Construction
type: item
description: With the rapid advancement of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, intelligent construction has become a pivotal direction for the transformation and upgrading of the civil and hydraulic engineering industry. This paradigm shift transcends mere technological adoption, representing a fundamental restructuring of project lifecycle management, from conceptual design and precise planning to efficient execution, sustainable operation, and intelligent maintenance. Consequently, this transformation poses multifaceted and profound new demands for industry professionals, necessitating a corresponding evolution in higher education, particularly at the postgraduate level where specialized expertise is honed. This paper aims to explore the reform and innovation of the cultivation model for Civil and Hydraulic Engineering Professional Master's students under the backdrop of intelligent construction. It begins by conducting a systematic analysis of the evolving talent demands of the industry, identifying key competency gaps. Subsequently, by synthesizing relevant domestic and international research findings, pedagogical theories, and pioneering practical experiences from engineering education, a comprehensive framework of targeted teaching reform measures is proposed. This framework encompasses curriculum redesign, pedagogical innovation, practical training enhancement, and mentorship restructuring. The ultimate goal is to cultivate a new generation of high-level, interdisciplinary specialists who possess not only solid theoretical foundations in their core discipline but also outstanding practical capabilities in applying intelligent technologies, coupled with a robust innovative spirit and adaptive problem-solving skills. Such a cultivated talent pool is deemed essential for providing robust and sustainable intellectual support for the ongoing and future development of the intelligent construction field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intelligent Construction
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil and Hydraulic Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Master's Talent Cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Interdisciplinary Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Junyong Liang
creator: Yinghua Liao
creator: Wenfang Liu
creator: Liming Wu
creator: Maoying Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 38
ending page: 43
doi: 10.54097/817kdy67

Language Socialization through Collaborative Reasoning in Peer Group Discussions
type: item
description: Language socialization has been widely used to examine how learners acquire communicative practices through participation in interaction. However, relatively little research has explored how Chinese EFL learners develop argumentative reasoning in peer discussion from a language socialization perspective. Drawing on Freeman’s argument model (2011), this study employs discourse analysis to investigate the development of reasoning structures in collaborative discussions, with a focus on self-evidence, rebuttal, and counter-rebuttal. The results reveal several developmental patterns. First, students gradually developed preemptive rebuttal, indicating an emerging awareness of potential counterarguments. Second, participants increasingly showed a preference for rebutting the premise or conclusion itself rather than the reasoning process. Third, while fallacious rebuttals appeared during the developing stage, they disappeared in the later stage as collaborative reasoning became more stable. Finally, re-counter-rebuttals emerged in the mature stage, reflecting more sustained argumentative interaction. These findings highlight the dynamic development of argumentative structures in collaborative reasoning and contribute to a better understanding of how peer discussion facilitates the socialization of reasoning practices among EFL learners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Language socialization
  topic: keywords
subject: collaborative reasoning
  topic: keywords
subject: discourse analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: peer discussion
  topic: keywords
creator: Keyu Li
creator: Yan Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 29
ending page: 37
doi: 10.54097/p1a33x85

The Relationship Between Learning Motivation and Performance Ability Among Folk Dance Major Students in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
type: item
description: In the context of the transformation and modernization of ethnic folk dance education, improving students’ performance ability has become a central concern in higher education. While learning motivation is widely acknowledged as a key psychological driver in arts education, existing studies have largely examined motivation, self-efficacy, and performance outcomes in isolation. Consequently, insufficient theoretical attention has been given to the internal psychological mechanisms through which learning motivation translates into performance ability among students majoring in folk dance. To address this theoretical gap, this study develops a theoretical framework integrating Self-Determination Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and Expectancy–Value Theory. Within this framework, learning motivation is positioned as the independent variable, self-efficacy as the mediating mechanism, and performance ability as the outcome variable. Drawing on the core assumptions of these theories, the model proposes that autonomous motivation enhances students’ perceived competence and agency, which in turn strengthens performance quality and artistic expression. By embedding key variables within complementary motivational and cognitive perspectives, the proposed model offers a logically coherent explanation of how internal psychological processes facilitate performance development in folk dance education. The theoretical contributions of this study are threefold. First, it extends the application of Self-Determination Theory to the domain of performance ability in arts education. Second, it integrates Social Cognitive Theory and Expectancy–Value Theory to construct a multi-theoretical explanatory framework, moving beyond single-theory approaches. Third, it addresses a contextual gap by focusing specifically on ethnic folk dance majors, thereby enriching the theoretical understanding of motivation and performance mechanisms within culturally embedded artistic disciplines.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Learning Motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance Ability
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Folk Dance
  topic: keywords
creator: Yiyun Ding
creator: Suppiah Nachiappan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.54097/ay28gx08

Line Rendering and Iconic Reconstruction in the Realistic Formation of Contemporary Ink Figure Painting
type: item
description: While inheriting the spirit of traditional brushwork, contemporary ink figure painting continuously incorporates Western concepts of realistic modeling, forming a unique visual language system. This paper adopts a formal analysis approach, focusing on line expression as a core element to explore its functional evolution and aesthetic transformation within realistic modeling, and further analyzes how lines participate in the process of reconstructing the imagery of the painting. The study argues that the line in contemporary ink figure painting has evolved from the traditional “bone-like brushwork” into a multifaceted expressive system that combines figurative functions with independent aesthetic value, forming a unique “realistic imagery” in terms of character modeling, spatial structure, and emotional expression. The organic integration of the calligraphic, expressive, and modeling qualities of the line ensures both the objective authenticity of the figure and preserves the independent character of the ink-wash language, ultimately achieving an aesthetic realm “between likeness and abstraction.”
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ink-wash figure painting
  topic: keywords
subject: Realistic modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Line expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Image reconstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Formal analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Na Li
creator: Tsetsegdelger D.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 16
ending page: 20
doi: 10.54097/f8kp7z39

Innovative Exploration of Teaching Paths for the Overseas Dissemination of Chinese Culinary Culture Empowered by AR Technology
type: item
description: Under the national strategy of actively promoting the "Going Global" initiative in vocational education, the international dissemination of Chinese culinary culture still faces problems such as language barriers, cultural differences and limitations in hands-on teaching. Viewing it from the aspect of technology-enhanced teaching, this paper aims to investigate a novel way of combining AR technology and a bilingual corpus for foreign language learning. It constructs a teaching mode of "structured content with immersive experience", making the previously abstract culinary skills and cultural knowledge transform into interactive perceptual learning materials. In practice, this model has helped promote cross-cultural Understanding and Skills Acquisition effectively, providing a new Path for The International Communication Of Vocational Education. It helps promote the dissemination and recognition of Chinese culinary culture in foreign Teaching.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Augmented Reality (AR) Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Bilingual Corpus
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Cultural Teaching
  topic: keywords
creator: Liping Chen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 13
ending page: 15
doi: 10.54097/sqt8mx69

Research on Transformation Strategies for English Underachievers in County High Schools Based on Core Competencies
type: item
description: This study addresses the challenge of transforming struggling high school English students in county areas. With the core literacy as the theoretical framework, the study reconstructs the transformation goals and paths. The research proposes that in terms of teaching objectives, it shifts from filling knowledge gaps to developing literacy skills; in teaching implementation, by creating real contexts, implementing differentiated instruction, and developing county-specific courses, language skills, thinking quality, and cultural awareness are simultaneously enhanced; in the support system, a psychological support based on positive psychology, collaboration between home, school, and society, and a professional teacher team are constructed. The three elements form an organic whole, aiming to transform the assistance for struggling students from scattered to systematic education, providing a practical path for improving the English teaching quality in county high schools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Core literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: County-level high schools
  topic: keywords
subject: English struggling learners
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformation strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Support system
  topic: keywords
creator: Chong Wu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education and Social Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 9
ending page: 12
doi: 10.54097/fs0qv986