Effective Control in International Territorial Disputes: Based on the Palmas Case

Yuxin Zeng

doi:10.54097/zp5txt68

Authors

Yuxin Zeng

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/zp5txt68

Keywords:

Effective Control, International Territorial Disputes.

Abstract

Effective control, or effectivites, has long been regarded as one important part in international courts’ decision on territorial sovereignty. The Palmas case (United States v. The Netherlands, 1928) was crucial because it not only addressed territorial sovereignty but also helped solidify the doctrine of effective control as a critical factor in the determination of territorial claims. This article intends to analyze the standard for effective control by going through the development of the concept to its details in application on the basis of the Palmas case and other cases. The article starts by briefly introducing the Palmas case and then goes through the history of effective control, its relationship with other concepts like effective occupation, terra nullius, and also some details of state activities in determining effective control.

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References

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[2] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp. 836.

[3] Ibid.

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[19] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp.838.

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[23] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp.855.

[24] The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case, Judgement of 17 November, 1953: I.C.J Reports 1953. P. 65.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp.865.

[27] Legal Status of Eastern Greenland（Denmark v. Norway）, Judgment of 5 April 1933，P.C.I.J., Series A/B，No. 53, p. 48.p.62.

[28] The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case, Judgement of 17 November, 1953: I.C.J Reports 1953, p.70.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp.838.

[32] Island of Palmas case (Netherlands, USA), 4 April 1928’, VOLUME II pp.858.

[33] The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case, Judgement of 17 November, 1953: I.C.J Reports 1953, p.55.

[34] Ibid.